Alginate dressings have applications in tissue regeneration and bio-engineering fields. Depending on composition, sodium alginate has been identified as a substrate for cell proliferation. This opens up new possibilities for tissue regeneration in skin scaffolds as well [ 45 ]. Even though some studies have reported that alginate inhibits keratinocytes migration, Thomas et al. In dry condition, alginate dressing removal may damage the newly formed epithelium around the wound.
Alginate dressings are suitable for moderate to heavy drainage wounds and not suggested for dry wound, third degree burn wound and severe wounds with exposed bone. Like polymer foam and hydrogel, alginate also needs a secondary dressing to be attached Table 2 [ 3 ].
Wound dressings have experienced development to more active dressings which create moist wound environtment. The ideal characteristics of an occlusive dressings are to maintain moist environment, shorten and accelerate wound healing process such as; enhance epidermal migration, promote angiogenesis and connective tissue synthesis, allow gas exchange, improve blood flow to the wound bed and enhance epidermal migration.
Moreover, they provide protection against bacterial infection, are non-adherent to the wound providing debridement action, are sterile, non-toxic and non-allergic. Occlusive dressings are not suitable to treat wounds with impaired circulation such as burn ulcers, pressure ulcers, or other heavy trauma.
He has co-written one book, written over 25 book chapters, and has published over articles. He has been awarded several research grants. He has served in over 30 editorial boards and has served in several leadership positions including President of the Ohio State Dermatology Association. The partnership allows the researchers from the university to publish their research under an Open Access license with specified fee discounts.
Bentham Open welcomes institutions and organizations from world over to join as Institutional Member and avail a host of benefits for their researchers. It is known as one of the oldest universities in Malaysia.
UPSI was later upgraded to a full university institution on 1 May, , an upgrade from their previous college status. Their aim to provide exceptional leadership in the field of education continues until today and has produced quality graduates to act as future educators to students in the primary and secondary level. Bentham Open publishes a number of peer-reviewed, open access journals. These free-to-view online journals cover all major disciplines of science, medicine, technology and social sciences.
Bentham Open provides researchers a platform to rapidly publish their research in a good-quality peer-reviewed journal. All peer-reviewed accepted submissions meeting high research and ethical standards are published with free access to all. The partnership provides the opportunity to the researchers, from the university, to publish their research under an Open Access license with specified fee concessions. Bentham Open welcomes institutions and organizations from the world over to join as Institutional Member and avail a host of benefits for their researchers.
The first Ministry of Health in Jordan was established in The Ministry began its duties in , the beginning of the health development boom in Jordan. The first accomplishment was the establishment of six departments in the districts headed by a physician and under the central administration of the Ministry. All peer-reviewed, accepted submissions meeting high research and ethical standards are published with free access to all. The Porto University was founded in Porto University create scientific, cultural and artistic knowledge, higher education training strongly anchored in research, the social and economic valorization of knowledge and active participation in the progress of the communities in which it operates.
The Open Dermatology Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews, letters, case reports and guest-edited single topic issues in all areas of dermatology. Bentham Open ensures speedy peer review process and accepted papers are published within 2 weeks of final acceptance.
The Open Dermatology Journal is committed to ensuring high quality of research published. We believe that a dedicated and committed team of editors and reviewers make it possible to ensure the quality of the research papers. The overall standing of a journal is in a way, reflective of the quality of its Editor s and Editorial Board and its members. The Open Dermatology Journal is seeking energetic and qualified researchers to join its editorial board team as Editorial Board Members or reviewers.
The essential criteria to become Editorial Board Members of The Open Dermatology Journal are as follows: Experience in dermatology with an academic degree.
Proficiency in English language. Submit or solicit at least one article for the journal annually. Peer-review of articles for the journal, which are in the area of expertise 2 to 3 times per year. If you are interested in becoming our Editorial Board member, please submit the following information to info benthamopen. We will respond to your inquiry shortly. This is exactly what Open Access Journals provide and this is the reason why I support this endeavor.
Open Access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information, and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community.
They offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals, including physicians, medical students, clinical investigators, and the general public. They are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information. Indeed, the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality. This is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals.
They provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues. Relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers. Articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world's leading authorities. Open access journals are very helpful for students, researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals.
The articles are high standard and cover a wide area. In this perspective, open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements. Open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information. Many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis. The articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas. The articles are of high quality and broad scope.
This option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists. The articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields. The papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are Indexed in: major international databases.
I read Open Access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study. Researchers, faculty members, and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Peer Review Workflow Reviewers Guidelines. Guidelines for Guest Editors. Advertise With Us Kudos. Article Information. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract There are several types of wounds with their own healing properties. WOUND HEALING Wound healing is a complex proccess which is influenced by various mechanisms involving the coordinated interaction of blood cells, proteins, proteases, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components.
Basic Mechanism of Occlusive Dressing. Indications of occlusive dressings are [ 7 ]: Wound treatment. Occlusive dressings can be comb- ined with antibiotics, gauze, sponge, hydrogels, and any other method to treat wounds Pressure and bleeding can often be immediately addressed Atopical ointments.
It gives pressure to the ointment which improves absorption into the wound and prevents evaporation. Partial evisceration. Occlusive dressings are applied to protect the bowel until surgery. Sucking chest wounds. Wound and the puncture are covered and treated. Contraindications of occlusive dressings are [ 7 ]: Maceration of the skin, where the skin feels tender, moist, and looks whiter than before, is an occlusive dressing's long-term risk.
Pathogenic germs that exist in the infected area. Occlussive Dressing and Wound Healing Process. Polymer Films In s, film dressings were introduced for wound management. Polymer Foams Polyurethane foam film dressing is made of a thin microporous sheet of polyurethane foam that has been coated with a hydrophilic adhesive and bonded to a polyurethane film layer, which is good to avoid dehydration and bacterial infection.
Foams dressing does not cause maceration even if used for several days [ 4 ] The major weakness of this type of dressing is that it needs secondary dressing like elastic bandage or a film to attach to the wound. Table 1. Hydrocolloid Dressings Hydrocolloid is waterproof, semipermeable to vapor, opaque, occlusive, and absorbent.
Alginates Alginate dressings are produced from the calcium and sodium salts of alginic acid which can be obtained from seaweed. Table 2. Acute and chronic wounds Wound dressings: Meeting clinical and biological needs.
Dermatol Nurs ; 3 3 : CrossRef PubMed. Craig G. View Editorial Board. The Guest Edited Thematic Issues are published free of charge.
Processing Time: Average publication time is 18 days between the final acceptance of revised manuscript and its publication. Join Our Editorial Board News release date: March 29, Description: The Open Dermatology Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews, letters, case reports and guest-edited single topic issues in all areas of dermatology.
Centre Antipoison-Centre de Pharmacovigilance, France. UCB S. Westat, USA. University of Oxford, UK. Almac Sciences, Northern Ireland. Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy. Paris University, France. Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos, Spain. University Clinic of Navarre, Spain. University of Vienna, Austria. Chiba University, Japan. National Central University, Taiwan. Burns Chronic wounds Laser resurfacing wounds Mohs surgery and wounds.
Alginate dressings have been used in various forms for 50 years, and yet they remain a poorly understood and probably underused dressing.
Compared to many modern dressings, the literature is sparse and inconclusive. Alginate dressings are derived from brown seaweed and are particularly useful in wounds characterised by significant amounts of exudate as they can absorb 20 times their dry weight. The high absorption is achieved via strong hydrophilic gel formation. This reduces wound secretions and minimises bacterial contamination. Alginate fibres trapped in a wound are readily biodegraded [9].
Alginate dressings maintain a physiologically moist microenvironment that promotes healing and the formation of granulation tissue. Alginates can be useful in a variety of situations, particularly in sloughy wounds which also produce a degree of exudate.
The gel which is formed as these products absorb exudate forms a moist covering over the slough and prevents it from drying out. Alginates require moisture to function correctly, so are not indicated for dry sloughy wounds or those covered with hard necrotic tissue.
Alginates can be rinsed away with saline irrigation, so removal of the dressing does not interfere with healing wounds. This makes dressing changes virtually painless. Alginate dressings are very useful for moderate to heavily exudating wounds [10]. Algin, which is obtained from seaweed, can be converted into alginic acid, which is insoluble, and then into soluble salts such as sodium alginate or insoluble salts such as calcium alginate.
Supplied as non-woven wound dressings for the treatment of exudating wound, the product is said to encourage the formation of a controlled ion-active gel over the wound site, which reacts with the sodium ions in the exudate or blood to aid wound healing.
These are highly absorbent, multilayered dressings with a surface adhesive and a waterproof outer layer similar to hydrocolloids. However, instead of forming a gel with the exudate, the exudate is trapped within the dressing itself [2]. Barrier films are polymeric solutions in a quick-drying solvent or silicone based spray which form a membranous cover when applied to the skin that reduces the amount of moisture lost by the skin and protects skin from irritants following surgery, trauma or in chronic wounds.
They can be used in hairy areas e. Antimicrobial is the generic term for a dressing that contains an antimicrobial agent Figure 4. Topical antimicrobial dressings are used to prevent or manage infection in a wide range of wounds.
Silver is the most commonly used antimicrobial agent in dressings. Silver is ionised in the moist environment of the wound, and it is the silver ion that has biological activity. This agent has a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity with low toxicity to human cells. The aim of treatment with silver dressings is to reduce wound bioburden, treat local infection and prevent systemic spread.
Although there has been some controversy as to the efficacy and safety of silver dressings, the experience of many clinicians, and more recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, have confirmed positive effects of silver dressings when used appropriately [11,12,13]. Interestingly, only a small proportion of silver presented to a wound site in a dressing is involved in antimicrobial action.
Most of the rest remains within the dressing or binds to proteins in the wound or wound debris [14]. Very little is systemically absorbed. Even if absorbed systemically, silver is excreted mainly via the biliary route in faeces and some in urine. Silver is not absorbed into the central or peripheral nervous systems [15]. In addition, studies of the effects of silver dressings on experimental models of biofilms have suggested that silver may reduce bacterial adhesion and destabilise the biofilm matrix [16], as well as kill bacteria within the matrix and increase susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics [17,18].
Cadexomer iodine is another antimicrobial agent. It is a slow-release form of iodine formulated to achieve consistent bactericidal levels within the wound bed without the cytotoxic effects seen with the use of povidone-iodine products.
When applied to the wound, cadexomer iodine based products absorb fluids, taking away exudate, pus and debris. Cadexomer iodine dressings are most effectively used in the treatment of chronic, non-healing wounds such as leg ulcers venous, arterial and mixed aetiology , pressure ulcers and exuding, infected wounds in combination with systemic antibiotics.
With over different types of dressings on the market today it is easy to become overwhelmed and confused by the options. The secret to understanding the various types of dressings is to learn the basic properties of the main classes as outlined in Figure 1. The dressings within each family are not identical; however, they do possess many of the same properties. I hope that this overview helps clarify this huge topic by categorising the various dressings according to their properties and clinical indications.
The aetiology of the wound and identification of any potential factors contributing to wound healing impairments e. It is also important to bear in mind that inappropriate use of dressings may lead to unwanted effects and serious complications as, for instance, when using an occlusive dressing on an infected wound, tight dressings on a patient with peripheral vascular disease, or even causing an allergic reaction not uncommonly because we may have forgotten to ask whether the patient has a known allergy to that particular dressing material.
Eaglstein WH. Occlusive dressings. J Dermatol Surg Oncol ; 19 Hayes Mileham. Practical Skin Cancer Surgery. Elsevier; Accelerated healing of full-thickness skin wounds in a wet environment. Plast Reconstr Surg ; Impact of hydration on MMP activity. Wound Repair Regen ; 12 :A6. Cutaneous wound healing. N Engl J Med ; Apoptosis mediates the decrease in cellularity during the transition between granulation tissue and scar.
Am J Pathol ; Garner WL. Epidermal regulation of dermal fibroblast activity. Thorne CH. The two major concerns and perhaps contraindications to occlusive dressings are that they may trap pathogens microorganisms in the wound an environment that is good for wound healing is also good for bacterial growth and they may create an excessively moist, i.
Modern wound care has risen to the challenge of excess moisture in wounds by offering a large variety of occlusive dressings. The major categories of occlusive dressings are:. Achieving the ideal wound healing environment can be labor intensive and takes a trained clinician e. The wound should be adequately debrided, there should be good granulation tissue, and the wound bed should glisten.
If the wound is too dry, healthy skin will affix to the dressing and be pulled off during removal. A dressing that retains or adds moisture should be used. If the wound is too moist, there will be frank exudate or even signs of infection. An absorbent dressing should be applied to draw off excess fluid. In modern, professional wound care, there are few indications for non-occlusive dressings.
Unfortunately, because they gauze and other common non-occlusive bandages are inexpensive, they are still frequently used. Wound care professionals are trying to put and end to wet-to-dry orders. Furthermore, dry gauze is only really useful for relatively small, superficial wounds that would likely heal without a bandage anyway, e. With the exception of alginates that can be used for exudative wounds, there is not much call for a non-occlusive dressing.
Hydrocolloids are an excellent choice to maintain the right amount of wound moisture. They form a gel upon contact with exudate and facilitate autolytic debridement.
There are a variety of different hydrocolloids with different degrees of moisture retention and absorption, so it is usually possible to fine tune the wound environment with hydrocolloids alone.
0コメント