Multifunctional urban agriculture for sustainable land use planning in the United States. Sustainability 2, — Luck, G. A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity. Cambridge Philos. McMahan, L. Understanding cultural reasons for the increase in both restoration efforts and gardening with native plants. Native Plants J. Miller, J. Conservation where people live and work. Morey, P.
Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of coyotes in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Midland Natural. Nash, R. Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven: Yale University Press. Pearson, A. Diverse segments of the US public underestimate the environmental concerns of minority and low-income Americans.
PNAS , — Pyle, R. The extinction of experience. Horticulture 56, 64— Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rosenzweig, M.
Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity. Oryx 37, — Schensul, J. Schultz, C. Citizen science monitoring demonstrates dramatic declines of monarch butterflies in western North America. Seewagen, C. Plasma metabolites and mass changes of migratory landbirds indicate adequate stopover refueling in a heavily urbanized landscape. Condor , — Semmens, B. Quasi-extinction risk and population targets for the Eastern, migratory population of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus.
Soga, M. Extinction of experience: the loss of human-nature interactions. Tam, K. Lepidoptera-habitat relationships in urban parks. Urban Ecosystems Taylor, D. Durham: Duke University Press Books. Thogmartin, W. Tommasi, D. Bee diversity and abundance in an urban setting. Tuan, Y. The city: its distance from nature. Turner, W. Global urbanization and the separation of humans from nature. Bioscience 54, — Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Service, Version, 1.
World Urbanization Prospects: Van Horn, G. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. West, P. Parks and peoples: the social impact of protected areas. Wickman, J. Songdo has been planned around a central park, and designed so that every resident can walk to work in the business district — a big draw for attracting new residents.
Abu Dhabi has splashed its oil cash on a cultural city called Saadiyat Island , a few miles off the coast.
It features a branch of the Louvre , due to open this year, and before will also see a Guggenheim museum — designed, like the one in Bilbao, by Frank Gehry — and a Performing Arts Centre by Zaha Hadid. Wags are already comparing the industrial Al Quoz area — which now has more than 30 galleries among its s and 80s warehouses — to Shoreditch or Williamsburg. Meanwhile, in the Congolese jungle, the Dutch artist Renzo Martens is trying something similar — to create an arts scene in one of the most impoverished parts of the world and thereby gentrify the jungle.
Does the world really need another state-of-the-art golf course? At Lavasa they obviously think so: along with the medical campus, luxury hotels, boarding schools and sports academies, there is a Nick Faldo—designed golf course. He argues that new cities often fail to provide enough jobs for poorer residents or affordable transport to areas where they could find more work.
Around the world, new cities often exclude all but the wealthiest. The developer says it has modified its plans to offer affordable rental apartments for young professionals. New cities are thus often confounded by the inverse relationship between maximising real-estate proceeds and making new cities livable. Or, to put it another way, if you want your new city to become something other than a ghost town or a large-scale gated community, it must be socially diverse.
The entire point of the islands is that you can see them from space. Besides, what must our alien neighbours think? When, in , Norman Foster unveiled plans for a new city on an island on the outskirts of Moscow, the centrepiece was to be at that point the tallest building in the world: m high, covering almost half a million square metres and with a total floor area of 2. But the economic crisis put paid to the grandiose scheme, which is perhaps a shame.
In , Nepalese migrants working in Lusail City in Qatar told the Guardian that their employers were making them work long hours in the heat and were withholding pay to keep them from running away. Building a new city from scratch can be socially beneficial. User fees can also create social inequity for the poor who cannot afford to pay. The challenge is to reach a proper balance between these two sources—with the broad view that, effectively, taxes address the broad social equity issues and user fees address the efficiency issues.
There is a limit to how much taxpayers and users can take on to pay for infrastructure. Given the sheer size of the funding needs, business-as-usual will not solve the problem. We need big ideas to tackle the big problem. Paired with the right set of regulations, this approach provides as close to free, unencumbered funding as possible. Although brownfield transactions can often be mired in political controversy, there is sufficient evidence to prove that wider public acceptance is possible if the transactions are well managed and effectively communicated and credible institutions such as public pensions are involved on the buyer side.
The political controversy is often related the genuine public concerns about transferring the valuable public assets to private hands. Pensions are considered safer in this regard because their interests are better aligned with those of the public. Earlier this year, NewCities launched the Financing Urban Infrastructure Initiative to address these and other critical infrastructure funding issues. Sidewalk patios and pedestrian only streets and shopping centres are great additions to any urban locale.
They allow us to enjoy the outdoors, visit local businesses with ease, and gather with our friends. At the heart of every urban centre is a vibrant arts and culture scene. This can take many forms, both in stable cultural hubs such as public libraries, museums, and galleries, but also in the various events that the city puts on, or that members of the community create. These events provide a forum to express creativity and unique ideas, they allow people to meet and mingle, and they also celebrate all the different cultural groups within the community, making the city lively and inviting!
Community gardens benefit us in a variety of ways. They provide local, convenient and low-cost food for the neighbourhood, strengthens bonds between community members, and provides a healthy distraction from bustling city life. Moreover, local agriculture brings external food systems back into the heart of the city, and offers alternative land uses, further improving the cityscape. Increased bike and pedestrian infrastructure are an integral part of any good urban community.
First, they provide necessary transportation options, especially for short distanced commutes, that can relieve the already overladen road and subway systems that we have today.
Biking or walking is also good for our health, and not being locked in a vehicle increases our likelihood of interacting with our neighbours and visiting local businesses, creating a sense of community and bolstering local economy. And most importantly, we need pedestrian and bike infrastructure for our own safety, as the 21 pedestrian deaths and 3 cyclist deaths on Toronto streets in this summer alone have proved. Often overlooked, community centres provide outreach for low-income and newcomer groups while establishing strong community ties.
They also provide unique programming for sports, arts, culture and more. Community centres also represent a socializing experience for the elderly and other demographics that might not otherwise exist. They are hubs for civic engagement and community engagement, and a great place to discover local news and groups.
0コメント